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Victim blaming
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially responsible for the harm that befell them.〔http://crcvc.ca/docs/victim_blaming.pdf〕 The study of victimology seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible. There is a greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery in cases where victims and perpetrators know one another.
==Coining of the phrase; racism==
William Ryan coined the phrase "blaming the victim" in his 1971 book ''Blaming the Victim''.〔ISBN 9780394417264〕〔Cole (2007) pp.111, 149, 213〕〔Downs (1998) p. 24〕〔Kirkpatrick (1987) p. 219〕〔Kent (2003)〕 In the book, Ryan described victim blaming as an ideology used to justify racism and social injustice against black people in the United States.〔 Ryan wrote the book to refute Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 work ''The Negro Family: The Case for National Action'' (usually simply referred to as the Moynihan Report).〔http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Lu0G3TaZ4KoJ:www.blackpast.org/primary/moynihan-report-1965+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us〕
Moynihan had concluded that three centuries of horrible treatment at the hands of whites, and in particular the uniquely cruel structure of American slavery as opposed to its Latin American counterparts, had created a long series of chaotic disruptions within the black family structure which, at the time of the report, manifested itself in high rates of unwed births, absent fathers, and single mother households in black families. Moynihan then correlated these familial outcomes, which he considered undesirable, to the relatively poorer rates of employment, educational achievement, and financial success found among the black population. Moynihan advocated the implementation of government programs designed to strengthen the black nuclear family.
Ryan objected that Moynihan then located the proximate cause of the plight of black Americans in the prevalence of a family structure in which the father was often sporadically, if at all, present, and the mother was often dependent on government aid to feed, clothe, and provide medical care for her children. Ryan's critique cast the Moynihan theories as attempts to divert responsibility for poverty from social structural factors to the behaviors and cultural patterns of the poor.〔(Illinois state U. archives ).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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